the length of the curve or line of an enclosed area

to make something clearer or easier to understand

the overwhelming victory of someone who has won a contest, election, etc.

to deliberately misuse something, especially for your own advantage or in a way that harms your health

(of a gas or liquid) to change or cause to change into a solid state

to cause the gradual disappearance of something, like liquid, strength, money, etc.

to take the lead of a project, task, assignment, etc.

a method or system of government or of ​organizing or managing something

to stop being angry with someone for something they did wrong; to pardon; to cease to feel resentment against

to endure or withstand something, especially a difficult experience

the boundary or surrounding area of a place

the act or instance of improper or excessive use of something

under another object or covered by it, or on the bottom of something

the act of seizing personal property or taking something over for temporary use, especially by a public authority or military

to gather into a cluster or clusters; to congregate

a strong structure that holds or supports something

likely; according to what is assumed or believed

to clean the ground, floor, or surface of something using a brush or a broom

a writer's regular article in a magazine or newspaper

a number of animals, persons, or things grouped or positioned together

the leading person, group, or part of a task, mission, assignment, etc.

a particular administration or the period of time that a person or system is in power

(of a plant, animal, or human) to produce and release liquid

to construct, build, or put together parts of something

to defeat a person or a team so that they no longer take part in a competition, etc.

to remember information or facts without difficulty

one of the straight sections from top to bottom into which text on a page or screen is divided

an upright pillar or post consisting of a cylindrical shaft, a base, and a capital

either the male or female division of a species, especially as differentiated by social and cultural roles and behavior; also used to refer to a range of identities that do not correspond to established ideas of male and female

the loose rounded fragments of rock and pebbles often used to make paths

(of storms, winds, or natural phenomena) to move along an area with strong force, often causing destruction

おぼろげな、ぼんやりした、かすかな

a person or company that sells goods, usually in large quantities, to other people who then sell at a higher price to the public

(of a plant or tree) to produce flowers, fruits, or leaves

belonging to or deriving from the cultural, linguistic, racial, or religious traditions of a particular ethnic group

to summarize or make something shorter by only including the most important parts

〔新聞などの〕コラム、寄稿欄

to continue to have or use something; to keep something in possession

a group of similar things that gather, grow, or occur closely together

said or shown in a clear, complete, and detailed way

排除する、敗退［脱落］させる

to make one person or thing seem different from another

〔勢い・資源・色などが徐々に〕衰える、失われる、枯渇する

someone or something invented, imaginary, or false, including those commonly or initially believed to be true

to mistreat, hurt, or injure by maltreatment, or to force sexual activity on

a large number of various types of something

artifacts or relics from the ancient past

to remove something undesirable, unimportant, or irrelevant

a rock or mineral from which other materials, like metal, can be extracted

TOEFL [Target 80+] / Target 80+ Unit 31

Target 80+ Unit 31